Disability studies is a relatively new interdisciplinary academic field focusing on the roles of people with disabilities in history, literature, social policy, law, architecture, and other disciplines. Although it has many antecedents, disability studies began to flourish toward the end of the twentieth century.
Issues and debates surrounding disabilities include social and political rights, social inclusion and citizenship. In developed countries, the debate has moved beyond concerns about the perceived cost of maintaining dependent people with disabilities to efforts of finding ways to ensure people with disabilities participate in and contribute to today's society in all spheres of life.
In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, a number of countries have passed laws aimed at reducing discrimination against people with disabilities. These laws have begun to appear as the notion of civil rights has become more influential globally.
The Disability Rights Movement aims to improve the quality of life of people with disabilities and to confront disadvantages and discrimination. A major concern is achieving civil rights for people with disabilities. This is further broken down into issues of accessibility in transportation, architecture, and the physical environment and equal opportunities in employment, education, and housing. Access to public areas such as city streets and public buildings and rest rooms are some of the more visible changes brought about in recent decades. A noticeable change in some parts of the world is the installation of elevators, transit lifts, wheelchair ramps and curb cuts, allowing people in wheelchairs and with other mobility impairments to use public sidewalks and public transit more easily and more safely.
The second concern of the movement deals with lifestyle, self-determination, and an individual's ability to live independently. The right to have an independent life as an adult, sometimes using paid assistant care instead of being institutionalized, is another major goal of this movement, and is the main goal of the similar independent living and self-advocacy movements, which are more strongly associated with people with intellectual disabilities and mental health disorders. These movements have supported people with disabilities to live as more active participants in society.
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